Initially, it was believed that the Earth was the center of the universe and that everything else, like the sun, moved around it. Nicolaus Copernicus, a mathematician, astrologer, and Catholic canon, formulated a model that showed the sun was the center and Earth revolved around it. Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in a city named Torun (Thorn) in Poland. He was the fourth child in a wealthy family
Nicolaus Copernicus, born to a merchant family in Torun, was raised by his uncle after his father's death. He learned multiple languages and was educated under the Polish crown. His uncle, a bishop, aimed for Copernicus to join the clergy.
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During a church leave, Copernicus failed religious law, convinced his uncle to study medicine, but instead focused on astronomy at the University of Padua, advancing his celestial studies.
Written in 1531, Copernicus delayed publishing his book for 12 years, fearing church backlash. Dedicated to the Pope, it was published in May 1543. Copernicus received a copy just before his death on May 24, 1543.
In Lidzbark-Warminski, Copernicus studied astronomy, developing a heliocentric model around 1508, positioning the Sun at the solar system's center. In 1514, he summarized this in "Commentariolus," but it was initially rejected in favor of Ptolemy's earth-centric model.