The photoelectric effect revolutionized quantum mechanics by revealing the particle-like behavior of light. Albert Einstein's 1905 explanation introduced the concept of light quanta, earning him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. Robert A. Millikan later validated Einstein's equation through precise experiments, confirming the quantum theory of light.
Einstein proposed that light consists of photons with energy (E = hf). If photon energy exceeds a metal's work function, electrons are ejected, and excess energy becomes the electron's kinetic energy.
Einstein’s equation predicted that photoemission occurs only above a threshold frequency, electron kinetic energy increases linearly with light frequency (not intensity), and electron emission is nearly instantaneous when energy conditions are met.
Robert A. Millikan, initially skeptical of Einstein’s photon theory, conducted a series of meticulous experiments between 1914 and 1916 to test the photoelectric equation. Using advanced experimental setups, Millikan precisely measured the kinetic energy of photoelectrons
Dynamic reconfiguration adapts system functionality in real-time based on changing inputs, enhancing efficiency, flexibility, and performance by optimizing resource utilization and aligning operations with varying environmental or user requirements.